Abortion
Title description: A brief review of the ethic and morality behind it
Word count: 1404
Keywords: Dilemma, Rape, Unprotected sex, Medical abortion, Surgical abortion, Fetal killing, Innate characteristics, Newer realizations,
Excerpts:
The complexity of associating life with fetus can be attributed to the lack of common understanding between medicine, theology, and philosophy as to which stage of fetal development need to be associated as having the right to life.
With regard to the second point relevant to a woman’s rights, some people say that when a woman has a right to make decisions on the developments within her body, she has a right to terminate the pregnancy too. However it should be noted here that the fetus is another human being, over which the woman has no right to kill.
Most abortion particularly those among the thousands of teenage abortions, result due to unprotected sex. As pregnancy is predominantly a result of sexual activity, the ethics of abortion is associated with the ethics of sex itself.
Alcohol Effects
Title description: Alcohol effects
Word count: 1073
Keywords: Depressant drug, Alcohol-impaired driving, Poor decision making, Determination and efforts, Addictive behavior
Excerpts:
Inebriated people can lose their patience and sense of judgment when facing certain situations that they would normally ignore when sober. Furthermore, they also get into drunken brawls or even conspiracies that could lead to crime situations. Alcohol has been seen to be a major motivational factor in several homicides.
Decision making under the influence of alcohol can be catastrophic particularly when such decisions are irreversible. Unfortunately it is only under the influence of liquor when one impulsively wants to decide and convey that decision to the other party.
However, at the end, they begin to sell away their property and personal utilities to repay their bad loans and sustain their habits. Due to such behavior, their family and dependents too suffer as a consequence of this.
Cloning
Title description: Cloning
Word count: 603
Keywords: Natural cloning, DNA structure, Recombinant DNA technology, Reproductive cloning, Therapeutic cloning, Embryo
Excerpts:
Natural cloning of organisms has been occurring for years. The process has been used for several years in plants. It should be noted here that even growing a plant from a stem cutting is a type of cloning.
In the recombinant DNA method, a section of chromosomal DNA is combined with its cloning vector. It is then introduced into host cells. In reproductive cloning, the genetic material from one cell is introduced into other cell, whose genetic material has been removed.
The embryo of Dolly was developed by taking an udder cell of an adult sheep, which would be her biological mother; and inserted into sheep ovum. The resulting embryo was transferred to a female surrogate mother, which underwent a normal pregnancy.
Clinical Trial Ethics
Title description: An overview of the ethics and laws of clinical trials
Word count: 1793
Keywords: Internal review boards, industry sponsored research, Terminal illness, Ethical dilemma, Protocols
Excerpts:
The Nuremburg Code was established subsequent to the Nazi medical research in World War II, involving deadly and grisly medical experiments. Developed in 1946, the Nuremburg Code3 proposed a set of ten ethical principles for clinical trials.
Internal review boards in academic institutions, journal editors, drug advisory committees and peer reviewers strive to play a role in ensuring that clinical trials are unbiased. It is their efforts that ultimately see drugs backed by true evidence and performance, reach the market.
It was in 1973 that the US Congress created the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects in Biomedical and Behavioral Research, constituted by eleven members. The Commission released the Belmont Report in 1979 that serves as a base for the design of clinical trials today, emphasizing for the respect for persons, beneficence and justice.
Corruption
Title description: Causation factors and its analysis
Word count: 2001
Keywords: Anti corruption activities, Kickbacks, Righteous conduct, Widespread phenomenon, Regulatory processes, Opportunity shortages, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
Excerpts:
Among the people identified as being too prone to seeking and receiving bribes are public sector officers with low pay, yet involved at controlling transactions that involve huge prospects to companies.
A profile of a corrupt country has been established by Husted in his study in 1999, as one which is highly risk averse, masculine, and with a large power distance. Power distance is the limit to which less privileged people in a country perceive that power is distributed unequally.
A survey by Ernst & Young determined that one in every five employees think it is appropriate to offer bribes to keep or get new businesses. Corruption also stems from several factors within the organization like fear, ignorance or pressure to meet targets, which drive decision makers to take unethical decisions.
Same Sex Marriage
Title description: Social, legal and philosophical perceptions
Word count: 1005
Keywords: LGBT populations, Intimate relationships, Alternate families, Multiple parenting arrangements, Immoral relationships, Complementary gender relationship
Excerpts:
Given the fact that same sex partners often have multiple partners and their relationships are not deep or emotional, it doesn’t facilitate raising a family. Same sex marriages need to be opposed as the fundamentals of traditional marriage and family values are threatened and infringes upon the best environment for raising children.
Such marriages also produce unwanted effects on the society like suspicion and loss of confidence on heterosexual relationships. Same sex marriages fundamentally cannot be defined as a marriage as these do not involve procreation and are a deterrent to continuation of species.
Legalizing same sex marriages has huge, untested adverse implications for the society. Same sex marriages are primarily in conflict with the important laws of the society like sodomy laws, adoption and foster parenting laws, while being more prone to court denial of child custody.
Religion
Title description: Equality among religions
Word count: 2418
Keywords: Religious discrimination, Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), Religious institutions, First Amendment, Religious dressings, Harmony, Citizenship Survey
Excerpts:
A study conducted by the University of Derby on religious equality in Britain determined that subsequent to the 9/11 and 7/7 bombings, there has been an increase in religious discrimination, manifested in some form towards the Muslims.
Trigg notes that though religious freedom is highlighted in all charters of human rights, not much weightage is given to it. Accusing the courts of beginning to go wrong in Britain, he reiterated that a judge has no business in ruling if prayers could be or could not be a part of the council meeting.
In an effort to thwart religious discrimination in education the US Department of Justice has emphasized that schools, colleges and universities must be open to all members of the public, without any reliance on religion or faith. Students are not to face any discrimination based on their faith, belief, dress or religious expression.
Capital Punishment
Title description: An alternative to capital punishment
Word count: 3025
Keywords: Philosophy of punishments, Barbaric, Expert testimony, Lengthy extradition processes, Human Rights, Inhuman punishment, Recorded history
Excerpts:
The planned, lengthy and the collaborated way under which the offender is put to death are in stark contrast to the situations under which the victim lost his life. Even state officials are present and family members of the victim also invited to witness the execution, like it was a special entertainment.
It must be noted here that the Maryland Governor Martin O’Malley had also suggested that the capital punishment be stopped to avoid costs. According to him, these cases cost about three times of that compared to homicide cases that are not associated with capital punishment.
They should also be alerted on why life without parole cannot be a good replacement and the similarities between capital punishment and life without parole. Only when the society realizes this, can the new policy of life imprisonment with the possibility of parole can be promulgated.
Life Without Parole
Title description: A brief review of its contemporary relevance
Word count: 2483
Keywords: Life imprisonment without parole, Rehabilitation, Private prisons, Cognizable charges, UN Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (SMR), International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)
Excerpts:
A consolidated review of 50 different studies was undertaken in 1996 which revealed that longer prison terms are associated with higher recidivism risks. The study also determined that prison sentences was associated with a 7% increase in recidivism rates, compared to community based sanctions.
There is however no constitutional sentencing laws in Florida for those below 18 years of age, despite the importance of the matter. Although state legislators are working on this, a bill to this effect has not yet been passed. Last year a thirteen year old Cristian Fernandez was sentenced to life in prison without parole for allegedly killing his two year old half-brother.
The Child Rights International Network (CRIN) reports that about 45 of the 54 Commonwealth nations have some form of life imprisonment for juveniles in their criminal justice system. This is despite the fact that the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) bans life in prison for those under 18.
Assisted Suicide
Title description: Ethical considerations in medically assisted suicides
Word count: 1746
Keywords: Morality, Terminally ill. Fundamental identity, Freedom of choice, Physician assisted suicide, Physical and emotional discomfort, Christian Medical and Dental Associations
Excerpts:
Assisted suicide is legal in two American states of Oregon and Washington and in nations like Belgium, Switzerland and the Netherlands. These developments are despite the significant advancements in medicine and technology, which have contributed to healthcare improvements.
In a split decision, the court held that people with limited abilities had a similar right to life as that of healthy and competent people. When an individual’s right to life includes a right to be killed, then the charter of protection would go beyond the scope that the state can guarantee, the appeals court noted.
They are unable to end their lives in a dignified manner and therefore seek assistance, which should be met. Underlining this concept is the philosophy that we as human beings have a moral obligation to respect the dignity of fellow men and relieve their sufferings.
Capital Punishment Debate
Title description: Capital punishment debate
Word count: 1426
Keywords: Unusual punishment, Death row, Horribly offensive conduct, Inhuman treatment, Fair and comprehensive trial, High costs
Excerpts:
In the US, opponents of the death penalty quote the Eight Amendment of the Constitution to say that the death penalty is illegal. Their contention is that the Amendment, which became effective in 1971, is directed at preventing unusual and cruel punishments, and that death penalty is both cruel and unusual.
In the Islamic countries for instance, capital punishment is offered for even prostitution, abandonment of the Islam religion, drug smuggling and adultery. In most of these countries the evidence procedures, interpretation of law and other justice procedures may be lacking or erratic.
Although many defendants finally walk away with life sentences, there are a few who are sent to the death row. A system, which sends hard, mindless criminals to death, deserves to be sustained irrespective of the costs associated with it.
Capital Punishment
Title description: A brief review of moral and social implications
Word count: 1556
Keywords: Recorded origins, Barbaric ways, Reciprocative act, Extradition protocols, Eye for an eye, Temporary insanity, Pathetic experience
Excerpts:
By killing an offender, the society is only carrying out the reciprocative act, but in a more inhuman manner. The planned, lengthy and systematic manner of capital punishment is in stark contrast to the situations in which the offender killed his victim.
At the time of execution, members of the victim’s family along with officials witness the ebbing out of life as if it was a special entertainment. Meanwhile the family of the criminal undergoes a mental trauma, knowing that their loved one is to be executed.
On the ground, these result in wrong, erratic or hasty handing down of the death sentence. A system practiced in many Islamic countries is that the criminal is forgiven if the victim’s family forgives the criminal. Usually this forgiveness is provided on monetary compensation.
Euthanasia and Death Penalty
Title description: Reflections on euthanasia and death penalty
Word count: 2543
Keywords: Active euthanasia, Passive euthanasia, Non-voluntary, Involuntary euthanasia, Palliative care, Hospice care, Tormenting
Excerpts:
The term ‘euthanasia’ is formed from the Greek terms ‘eu’ and ‘thanatos’ which mean ‘good’ and ‘death’ respectively (Kearney, 2003). The term has several meanings just like most other terms in our language; however the implications here are immense.
This approach is also seen to be right from the utilitarian’s perspective which decides anything to be morally right when it can reduce misery or increase happiness. Another perspective of voluntary euthanasia associated to the utilitarian view is that it violates no person’s rights and in some cases it actually promotes the interests of all involved.
Extreme cases of needless sufferings in the face of inevitable death should require no authorization for termination, other than the individual’s consent. By not allowing the individual’s last wish, the society is not only unethical but also unconcerned of the individual’s plight.
Euthanasia
Title description: An analysis of medical ethics and its governance
Word count: 2758
Keywords: Excruciating pain , Near and tormenting, Palliative and hospice care, Extended suffering, Death with dignity statute, Legalization of death rights, Black Stork movement
Excerpts:
It is not wrong for physicians to participate in euthanasia although many feel that it is unethical for such professionals who are supposed to heal and improve life quality, being asked to facilitate death. Physicians have a more important role than healing or curing, and that is to alleviate pain and sufferings and therefore euthanasia becomes a primary tenet of a physician’s job.
US has seen considerable support for legalization of euthanasia as well as opposition to it at various points of its history. When individual cases are projected by the media to highlight the sufferings of patients and their families due to lack of euthanasia rights, there is considerable public support and legal momentum.
He said that institutions are free to opt out of assisted suicide if they don’t feel like to practicing it; doctors and pharmacists opposing it too, can opt out of it. Although they may disagree with the law, and the purpose and benefits of the law, the law respects their right to refrain from practicing it.
Euthanasia and the Right to Die
Title description: When laws refuse to help the terminally ill
Word count: 1668
Keywords: The individual’s last wish, Needless sufferings, Authorization for termination, Ethics and legality, Persistent vegetative state, Self-determination
Excerpts:
However of late public opinion is increasingly forcing the governments to adopt a more tolerance attitude towards euthanasia. Numerous polls conducted in US, UK, Canada and Australia show increasing support to voluntary euthanasia. It was in 1984 that the Supreme Court of Netherlands declared voluntary euthanasia as being acceptable.
Extreme cases of needless sufferings in the face of inevitable death should require no authorization for termination, other than the individual’s consent. By not allowing the individual’s last wish, the society is not only unethical but also unconcerned of the individual’s plight.
Contemporary supporters of voluntary euthanasia hold the right to self-determination as the most important right in ethics and law. When this right is confronted with all other rights, the right to self-determination requires to prevail. The circumstances, manner and timing of death are very intimate decisions, a person could ever make.
Death penalty in the US
Title description: Death penalty in the US
Word count: 1953
Keywords: Unusual punishment, abolishment, horribly offensive conduct, Heinous crimes, Effective deterrence, Eight Amendment, Luis Monge, Furman vs. Georgia
Excerpts:
The Eight Amendment of the Constitution, which became effective in 1971, is directed at preventing unusual and cruel punishments. However the Supreme Court refused to view death penalty as an unusual punishment.
The Court projected capital punishment as society’s expression in condemning horribly offensive conduct. The Supreme Court also observed that while studies do not convince that capital punishments is an effective deterrence compared to lesser punishments, there are no convincing studies refuting this too.
Not all executions go well as intended. Several executions had been carried out where the procedure turned faulty leading to severe injuries on the face and body of the criminal, requiring postponement of the event. The electric chair malfunctioning in particular has caused burns and charring of the victim on many occasions.
Business Ethics
Title description: Case study
Word count: Group based discrimination, Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), Non-critical jobs, Bona fide occupational qualification (BFOQ), Financed retirement system, Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)
Keywords: 1382
Excerpts:
Thus, higher life insurance premium for women, higher vehicle insurance premium for youth etc. are instances of such discriminations. Public pressure, political and legal activity in the US have regularly confronted such discrimination, based on groups. Perhaps a similar issue but with more implications and debate is the age-based discrimination associated with retirement.
The EEOC contended that United had violated the ADEA by denying opportunities based solely on age. There was no Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) rule requiring pilots to be below 60. In 1978, the ADEA was amended by the Congress and stopped involuntary retirement based on age.
In safety related businesses, employers raise the BFOQ to defend their decision as being crucial for normal operations. Their stand is that employees below a certain age are more result oriented and effective, and they do agree that there could be capable people among the ones asked to retire, however they have to generalize them all, because it is not possible to identify them.
Ethical Bindings
Title description: Ethical Bindings
Word count: 1184
Keywords: Code of Conduct, Prospects of gain, Ethically bound, Immoral, Multinational ideology, Cultural requirements, Cultural differences, Orthodox and conservative societies
Excerpts:
Each individual needs to have a code of conduct for his personal life, to be successful. The code of conduct highlights an individual’s respect for values he or she is willing to stand up to, despite adversaries or prospects of gain. Similarly most professions, like business and medicine, too have their own code of conduct to bring benefits to the society.
Multinational companies thus basically need to establish themselves and carry out activities, only where such activities are permitted. Some Islamic countries consider music and entertainment as immoral, and therefore no related activity should be setup here. Similarly when strict dress codes are emphasized for women, no attempt should be made to promote modern dresses.
Managers in most organizations are confronted by ethical issues almost each day. Understanding of ethics in management is very crucial for today’s manager, at any level. Be it motivating, planning or communicating; their strategy is influenced by the cultural requirements (Frederick, 1999).
Ethical Conduct in Psychology
Title description: Ethics in psychology
Word count: 2454
Keywords: Ethical decisions, Testing and assessments, Psychological science, Confidentiality, Behavioral patterns, American Psychologists Association (APA), Highest ethical standards, Culturally appropriate tests
Excerpts:
The tests, and treatment of the client, involve confidential and private information which the psychologist is ethically bound to safeguard. Given the increased role of today’s psychologist in diverse settings, the need to adhere to these codes is more important today. The testing and assessments which the psychologists undertake are all bound by ethics.
The contribution of psychologists to the society is generally based on trust. The public trusts psychologists to use their scientific knowledge and services for the development of individuals and the society. The legal system trusts psychologists to offer specialized subject testimony without undue bias or favor. Client’s trusts psychologists to maintain confidentiality.
To ensure that psychologists stand up to the responsibilities and expectations associated with them, the American Psychologists Association (APA) has formulated its own ethics; the APA Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct. This APA Ethics Code provides guidelines to both, general ethical conduct and specific situational conduct.
Ethics of Human Cloning
Title description: Ethics of human cloning
Word count: 975
Keywords: Dolly, Human embryo, Bioethics, Wildest fantasies, Man’s extreme potential, Medical breakthroughs, Eugenics, New debate, Embryonic stem cell research
Excerpts:
Cloning of the human embryo was already being debated, and the birth of Dolly, only fuelled the debate to reconsider the identity of the human being. Indeed several ethical issues are associated with cloning in general and human cloning in particular.
There is a fear of the possibility of someone creating soldiers for army or several workers to get work done. When such populations are developed, these individuals become a lower class of population. Possibilities of human cloning would give rise to a black market for fetuses, with notable donors like athletes, scientist and actors would want to clone themselves.
Although the technologies of stem cells and cloning are different, the two overlap into each other and therefore has to be seen in the same context. Culturing of stem cells in the laboratory can help replace nerve cells in Parkinson’s disease and provide beta cells in pancreas, which fail in diabetes. Man has stretched the limits of his ability and in each of his stride he brings upon a new debate.
Organizational Ethics
Title description: A brief look into the ethics involving insider trading
Word count: 2265
Keywords: Insider information, Privileged information, Financial statements, Frantic selling, Quick buying, Unpublished reports, Authorized secrecy procedures, Suspicious transaction
Excerpts:
One of the major issues involving ethical implications in today’s public sector businesses is insider trading. Insider trading occurs when an employee having access to privileged information as part of his job profile, uses this information to make personal gains. Although laws monitor and prosecute insider trading, insider trading cannot be completely prevented or detected.
However, like in the case of Enron, when executives take wrong and unethical decisions, the shareholders are hurt. As a result of insider trading, either the gains of shareholders are reduced or their lose increased. Shareholders must be given an equal and a fair market to transact, free from any activity associated with insider trading.
The trading patterns of all stocks are generally monitored by regulating agencies looking for any suspicious transactions. The regulators depend on the normal authorized secrecy procedures, when dealing with confidential information. The provisions of the secretive tracking procedures are covered by the National Companies and Securities Commission Act of 1979 and the Public Service Act of 1922.
Integrity of a Police Officer
Title description: The importance of character and conduct of a police officer
Word count: 900
Keywords: Public-police relationship, Self-commitment, Powers and privileges, Voluntary recognition of ethics, Self-judgment, Small time favors, Off-duty, Unbargained commitment
Excerpts:
The public would cooperate and help police only when the police force is seen in good light. The public-police relationship is very crucial for any society, and that can be strengthened only when the police personal conduct themselves in an appropriate manner. Every police officer must realize that they need to be law-abiding citizens too, and serve the society with an unbargained commitment and desire.
Most department members do not hesitate to seek favors directed towards cutting departmental expenses. These include repair and maintenance of their premises, small stationary requirements, convict needs etc. These members need to realize the extent of public participation in law enforcement, in accordance with binding ethics.
Accepting gifts and favors are not too far from direct bribes, as these too carry a sense of gratitude and obliging. This aspect is particularly important as the officers can get enormous favors even without asking for them and even during off-duty. Small time favors which generally look casual and normal include special low pricing, free transport and refreshing drinks.
Police Ethics
Title description: A brief look into ethics involved in policing
Word count: 1811
Keywords: Inappropriate conduct, Ethics toolkit, International Association of Chiefs of Police, Self-compliance, Minimum physical force, Law abiders, Law violators, Resolve personal problems
Excerpts:
Police ethics is applying the above principles to policing. It should be noted here that police ethics is considerably under developed compared to medical or business ethics. This is mainly because of the misunderstanding of the need of police ethics. Law and ethics are different perspectives that are relevant for professions.
An important misuse of police power is when they use their powers to resolve personal problems (i.e. problems and issues of the police officer or his friends and relatives). Officers should not involve themselves in ordinary roles like arresting, booking traffic violations, etc., when they are not traveling in a marked police vehicle.
Although the toolkit does not bar police officials from receiving gifts and other items of value, it emphasizes that those receiving unsolicited gifts and items should report the receipt of such things. If required, they should also provide a detailed report of the circumstances under which they were received.
Police Ethics
Title description: Police ethics
Word count: 1513
Keywords: Human rights, Human dignity, Stipulations, Rights of the offender, Ethical and moral situations, Ethical dilemmas, Ethics based decision-making,
Excerpts:
The code of conduct for the United Nations Law Enforcement Officials emphasizes a high degree of responsibility to be associated at all times, while carrying out their duties. It also reiterates that their duty should be carried out with a responsibility to protect human dignity and human rights.
It is very necessary that the law enforcement officer be always in compliance of law with self-conduct. He should be aware of the law enforcements upon himself, when he is out on duty, enforcing the law. Whatever is the role of the police officer and at whatever level, he functions; he always carries upon him the will of the community and the public, he serves.
It is crucial for police officers to be trained and acquainted with ethics based decision-making and moral reasoning. Supervisory staffs need to play a vital role in understanding, establishing and following the code of ethics. They should show the way by being a role model in delivering effective, impartial and professional policing service.
Physical Therapy Assistant
Title description: Core professional values associated with PTA
Word count: 1467
Keywords: Fundamental obligations, Appropriate character, Core values, Professional education, Seven core values, Collaborative practice, Mastery of skill
Excerpts:
In carrying out their day to day chores, the PTA requires a certain level of physical strength and an appropriate character. They need to be understanding and resourceful to help clients recover. The code of ethics helps the therapy assistants to confront dilemma situations. It helps them to find the most appropriate way when they are confused or have difficulty to make a decision.
The seven core values identified were accountability, altruism, compassion and caring, excellence, integrity, professional duty and social responsibility. This was the earliest step in associating core professional values to a physical therapist profession, which was eventually incorporated as a part of its education.
The PTA needs to respect the client’s perspective, and understand the influence of economic, social and cultural factors on the client’s life. The care extended should also cover the client’s emotional and psychological requirements.
Gay marriages
Title description: Gay marriages and equal rights
Word count: 1709
Keywords: Unnatural, Parenting rights, Conservative societies, Experimentation, Population explosion, Liberalisation policies, Levitical standards, Biblical laws,
Excerpts:
Probably these reflect the general liberalisation policies adopted in most parts of the globe, mingling and mixing of economics, culture etc; and the increasingly broader thinking among the people. However, it is unfortunate that this unprecedented support to homosexuality ends here, as this invincible backing is not fully extended into gay marriage.
Denmark legalised gay marriages in 1989. Several Dutch cities have had same-sex marriage rights for many years. The clergy at first offered opposition to the Danish law and a survey conducted at that time indicated that about 72 percent of the clergy opposed the law. However another survey conducted in 1995 revealed that 89 percent of the clergy supported the law.
The withholding of legal rights to gay couples can sometimes be life ruining and even life threatening. The inconvenience and sufferings of gay couples as a consequence of unequal rights can be endlessly listed. In most American states gay couples don’t have the right to make medical decisions for their partners at times of emergencies.
Gay Marriages
Title description: Debate
Word count: 2701
Keywords: Ramsay Colloquium, Genetic factors, Inherently bisexual, Sexual promiscuity, Human society, Homophobic judge, Custody decisions
Excerpts:
Although sexual orientation is not subject to an individual’s inclination or be consciously changed; individuals can choose whether to respond to such feelings or not. Towards the end of the 19th century, psychiatry and medicine began to confront religion on homosexuality.
The traditional marriage as union between man and woman needs to be maintained. Any law permitting gay marriages need to be opposed as the fundamentals of traditional marriage and family values are threatened and infringe upon the best environment for raising children. Same sex activity would seriously effect children’s development of healthy sexual identities.
The customary saying that marriage is an institution between one man and a woman is just a proverbial declaration holding no real and moral judgment behind it. Such definitions of marriages only raise questions on the eligibility and authenticity of the defining person or institution. Who should be the one to define marriage?.
Gay Marriage Issues
Title description: A look into the rights of gay couples
Word count: 3565
Keywords: Same sex relationships, Evolving lifestyle issues, Evolutionary and hormonal pattern, Psychosexual orientation, Interracial marriages, Homophobic attitudes
Excerpts:
Homosexual orientation is a complex subject and cannot be explained by any single or a simple, plain model. No consistent results have been found from research undertaken for homosexual orientation. Despite studying evolutionary and hormonal pattern in homosexuality, scientists have not yet understood the development of homosexual orientation in an individual.
Buddhism in fact attracts several homosexuals, as there isn’t any homophobia preaching in it. The Theravada Buddhism considers all relationships i.e.; gay, lesbian or straight as being personal matters bearing mutual consent (Robinson, 2008). Therefore all relationships are considered constructive and acceptable as long as both partners are happy.
One of the most reliable finding in homosexuality adoption was reported by Blanchard and Klassen in 1997, which suggested that the odds of an individual being a gay increased by 33% correspondingly for each older brother. It has been implied that the male foetus causes a maternal immune reaction which is increasingly stronger for each successive male foetus.
Speaking for the Marginalized Groups
Title description: Scott Bidstrup in support of gay rights
Word count: 1296
Keywords: Marginalized, Homophobia, Perversion theory, Lasting relationships, Personal matters, Illegal relationships, God’s will
Excerpts:
In his essay ‘Homophobia: The fear behind the hatred’, he analyses several issues of the gays in the society which are seldom recognized. Quoting the dictionary for ‘homophobia’ as ‘the fear of homosexuals’, Bidstrup ironically says that homophobia, which is widely prevalent in America, ‘inspires discrimination’.
One of the fine arguments the author puts forth for many opposing homosexuality is that there is a fear that one may himself be a homosexual.
He says that almost seventy percent of the Americans oppose gay marriage, while almost the same percentage supported gay rights. The implications are now clear; many people who support gay rights don’t support gay marriages.
